Summary:
[[Image:Skull with a Cigarette (1886) - Vincent van Gogh.jpg|thumb|right|200px|
''[[Skull with a Cigarette]]'' ([[1886]]) - [[Vincent van Gogh]] ]]
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==Types of drugs==
===Common drugs===
The drugs most popular for recreational use worldwide are:
* [[caffeine]] and [[theobromine]] (from [[coffee]], [[tea]], [[cocoa solids|cocoa]] and other plant sources) – legal in all parts of the world, but not consumed by members of some religions.
* [[cannabis]] (in the form of [[cannabis (drug)|herbal cannabis]] or [[hashish]]). Contains [[cannabinoid]]s, primarily THC – [[tetrahydrocannabinol]]. Illegal in most parts of the world.
* [[ethanol]] (ethyl [[alcohol]], commonly referred to as simply alcohol, produced through fermentation by yeast in [[alcoholic beverage]]s such as wine and beer) – legal but regulated in most parts of the world, and illegal in [[Islamic dietary laws#Alcohol|several Muslim countries]] such as Pakistan, Libya, Sudan, Iran and Saudi Arabia; not consumed by members of some religions. It acts as a GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor agonist. In chemistry, [[alcohol]] can refer to more than ethyl alcohol. [[Methanol]] (methyl alcohol, or wood alcohol) is poisonous.
* tobacco (contains [[nicotine]] and [[beta-carboline]] [[alkaloid]]s) – legal but regulated in most parts of the world and not consumed by members of some religions.
* [[opiates]] and [[opioids]] – in general legal by prescription only, for relief of pain. Opiates used for recreational purposes are [[morphine]] and [[codeine]]. Opioids include [[heroin]] (diacetylmorphine, not used in medicine in most countries), [[oxycodone]], [[hydromorphone]], [[hydrocodone]] (''[[Vicodin]]''), [[fentanyl]], [[pethidine]], [[tramadol]] and others. See also: [[naloxone]]/[[naltrexone]] (antidotes for opioids), [[opiate replacement therapy]], [[opium]], [[opium poppy|poppy]] and [[poppy tea]].
* [[cocaine]] – a [[sympathomimetic]] [[stimulant]] derived from the [[coca plant]] in South America. Use of the stimulating coca leaf (e.g. chewing it, often with [[slaked lime]] to increase [[bioavailability]]), but not cocaine, is legal in Bolivia. Cocaine is illegal in most parts of the world. It was formerly used in medicine and dentistry for local anesthesia. Derivatives such as [[lidocaine]] and [[novocaine]] are now used instead.
Other popular drugs are:
* [[amphetamine]] (''[[Adderall]]''), [[methamphetamine]] (''Desoxyn''), [[methylphenidate]] (''Ritalin'', ''Concerta'') – stimulants (sympathomimetic), all three are prescribed for [[ADHD]]
* [[modafinil]] and its active enantiomer, [[armodafinil]] – [[eugeroic]] stimulants, prescription drugs
* [[MDPV]] with effects similar to amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine and methylphenidate
* [[MDMA]] – a stimulant ([[entactogen]]) and a [[psychedelic]] ([[phenethylamine]]), in ecstasy pills (described below) or in crystal form; illegal virtually everywhere
* ecstasy (xtc, extasy) pills – often equated with [[MDMA]], although they may contain other stimulants and/or psychedelics, and sometimes also dangerous [[adulterants]] (see the section below with list of substances in ecstasy)
* [[LSD]] – a psychedelic [[tryptamine]], also [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]; [[2C (psychedelics)|2C family]], [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine|DOB]], [[4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine|DOC]], [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine|DOI]], [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine|DOM]] – psychedelic [[phenethylamines]]
* [[psilocybin mushrooms]] (containing [[psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]], tryptamines) and other [[psychoactive mushrooms]]
* [[tranquilizers]] ([[sedatives]], most of them are prescription drugs): [[barbiturates]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[nonbenzodiazepines]] and others (including [[gamma-hydroxybutyrate|GHB]], known for its use as a [[date-rape drug]], but also as a [[party drug]])
* [[kava]] – [[sedative]] plant
* following [[dissociatives]]: [[ketamine]], [[phencyclidine]] (PCP), [[nitrous oxide]] ([[laughing gas]]), [[alkyl nitrites]] ([[Poppers]]), [[diethyl ether]]
* [[khat]] containing [[cathine]] and [[cathinone]] ([[stimulants]])
* over-the-counter medications (in some countries they might be prescription drugs): [[dextromethorphan]] (DXM, [[dissociative]]), codeine ([[opiate]], often with [[paracetamol]] to discourage recreational use), some [[deliriants]] ([[benzydamine]], [[dimenhydrinate]] and [[diphenhydramine]]) and stimulants ([[ephedrine]] and [[pseudoephedrine]])
* recreational [[designer drugs]] (e.g. [[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]], [[mephedrone]]) and [[synthetic cannabis]]
* [[salvia divinorum]] containing Salvinorin A producing dissociative effects and hallucinations
* [[nutmeg]] containing [[myristicin]] – a [[deliriant]]
* widespread plants – for example those from ''[[Solanaceae]]'' [[family (biology)|family]] (e.g. [[datura]], [[Atropa belladonna|deadly nightshade]]) which contain following [[deliriants]]: [[atropine]], [[hyoscyamine]] and [[scopolamine]] ([[pilocarpine]] is antidote in overdoses)
* inhalants – solvents, propellants and fumes of glues containing these, but also nitrous oxide ([[laughing gas]]), [[Poppers]] (alkyl nitrites), diethyl ether and others (see also the section about them)
Legally available opioids are sometimes combined with other drugs such as [[NSAID]]s (e.g. [[ibuprofen]], [[aspirin]]), [[paracetamol]], [[antihistamine]], [[expectorant]], [[homatropine]]/[[atropine]]. The purpose of the non-controlled drugs in combination is often twofold: 1) To provide increased analgesia via drug synergy. 2) To limit the intake of opioid by causing unpleasant and often unsafe side effects at higher-than-prescribed doses. See also: [[Hydrocodone/paracetamol]] (''Vicodin'').
Inhaling nitrous oxide from tanks used in automotive systems is unsafe, because the toxic gas [[sulfur dioxide]] is mixed in around 100 ppm, specifically to discourage recreational use.
=== Routes of administration ===
Drugs most often associated with a particular [[route of administration]]:
* [[intravenous injection]] (see also the article [[Drug injection]]) – [[morphine]] and heroin, less commonly other opioids or stimulants like cocaine or amphetamine, but almost every substance (with some exceptions) can be injected
* [[smoking]] (see also the section below) – tobacco, cannabis, [[opium]], methamphetamine, [[crack cocaine]] and brown sugar heroin ([[chasing the dragon]])
* [[insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]] – [[snuff]] (a form of smokeless tobacco), amphetamine and cocaine
* [[inhalation]] – all inhalants (listed above), as the name suggests
* chewing, absorbing sublingually, placing under the lip, etc. – some forms of [[smokeless tobacco]] (e.g. [[dipping tobacco]], [[snus]]), [[LSD]] blotters, [[coca plant|coca]] leaves with [[slaked lime]], [[paan]] (see [[betel]]), some hallucinogens
* [[rectal (medicine)|intrarectal]] - administering into the rectum, most water soluble drugs can be used this way
* transdermal patches with prescription drugs – e.g. [[methylphenidate]] (''Daytrana'') and [[fentanyl]]
* oral intake – caffeine, ethanol, hash cakes (cannabis), nutmeg, datura, psilocybin mushrooms, [[coca tea]], [[poppy tea]], [[laudanum]], [[gamma-hydroxybutyrate|GHB]], ecstasy pills with MDMA and/or various other substances (mainly stimulants and psychedelics), prescription and over-the-counter drugs (ADHD and narcolepsy medications, sleeping pills, anxiolytics, sedatives, cough suppressants, benzydamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, morphine, codeine, opioids and others)
Many drugs are taken through various routes. Intravenous route is the most efficient, but also one of the most dangerous. Nasal, rectal, inhalation and smoking are safer. Oral route is one of the safest and most comfortable, but of little [[bioavailability]].
===List of substances in ecstasy pills===
A partial list of substances known to have been detected in ecstasy tablets includes:
* [[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|MDMA]]
* [[Methylenedioxyamphetamine|MDA]], [[Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine|MDEA]], [[Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine|MBDB]], [[Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine|MDOH]]
* [[methylone]], [[ethylone]], [[butylone]]
* [[amphetamine]], methamphetamine
* ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, [[phenylpropanolamine]]
* [[Paramethoxyamphetamine|PMA]], [[Paramethoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]], [[Paramethoxyethylamphetamine|PMEA]], [[4-Methylthioamphetamine|4-MTA]], [[mephedrone]], [[methedrine]]
* [[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]], [[Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine|TFMPP]], [[Dibenzylpiperazine|DBZP]], [[Methylbenzylpiperazine|MBZP]], [[meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine|mCPP]], [[Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine|MDBZP]], [[para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine|meOPP]], [[para-Fluorophenylpiperazine|pFPP]]
* [[2C-B]], [[2C-E]], [[2C-I]], [[2C-T-2]], [[2C-T-7]], [[5-MeO-DiPT]], [[Alphamethyltryptamine|AMT]]
* [[dextromethorphan]], [[ketamine]]
* [[Acetaminophen|paracetamol]], [[ibuprofen]], caffeine
* various non-psychoactive (but possibly dangerous) [[adulterants]]
Certain other agents such as [[cocaine]] and heroin are rarely, if ever found in such tablets; it would not make economic sense for distributors to sell them as a relatively cheaper drug, ecstasy.
There have been a number of deaths attributed to [[para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]], a potent and highly neurotoxic hallucinogenic amphetamine, being sold as ecstasy. PMA is unique in its ability to quickly elevate body temperature and heart rate at relatively low doses, especially in comparison to MDMA. Hence, a user believing he is consuming two 120 mg pills of MDMA could actually be consuming a dose of PMA that is potentially lethal, depending on the purity of the pill. Not only does PMA cause the release of serotonin but it also acts as a [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor|monoamine oxidase inhibitor, MAOI]]. When combined with an MDMA or an MDMA-like substance, [[serotonin syndrome]] can result. Combining MAO inhibitors with certain legal prescription and over the counter medications can also lead to (potentially fatal) serotonin syndrome.
===Drugs which can be smoked===
Plants:
* [[tobacco]]
* cannabis
* [[salvia divinorum]]
* [[opium]]
* datura and other ''Solanaceae'' (formerly smoked to treat [[asthma]])
* possibly other plants (see the section below)
Substances (also not necessarily psychoactive plants soaked with them):
* [[methamphetamine]]
* [[crack cocaine]]
* brown sugar heroin
* phencyclidine (PCP)
* synthetic [[cannabinoids]] (see also: [[synthetic cannabis]])
* [[dimethyltryptamine]] (DMT)
* [[5-MeO-DMT]]
* many others, including some prescription drugs
===Psychoactive plants, mushrooms and animals===
{{see also|List of psychedelic plants}}
Minimally psychoactive plants which contain mainly caffeine and [[theobromine]]:
* [[coffee]]
* [[tea]] (caffeine in tea is sometimes called theine) – also contains [[theanine]]
* [[guarana]] (caffeine in guarana is sometimes called guaranine)
* [[yerba mate]] (caffeine in yerba mate is sometimes called mateine)
* [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]]
* [[Kola nut|kola]]
Most known psychoactive plants:
* [[cannabis]] – [[cannabinoids]]
* [[tobacco]] – [[nicotine]] and [[beta-carboline]] [[alkaloid]]s
* [[coca]] – cocaine
* [[opium poppy]] – [[morphine]], codeine and other [[opiates]]
* [[salvia divinorum]] – [[salvinorin A]]
* [[khat]] – [[cathine]] and [[cathinone]]
* [[kava]] – [[kavalactones]]
* [[nutmeg]] – [[myristicin]]
''Solanaceae'' plants – contain [[atropine]], [[hyoscyamine]] and scopolamine
* [[datura]]
* deadly nightshade [[atropa belladona]]
* [[Hyoscyamus niger|henbane]]
* [[Mandrake (plant)|mandrake]] (''Mandragora'')
* other ''Solanaceae''
[[Cactus]]es with [[mescaline]]:
* [[peyote]]
* [[Peruvian torch cactus]]
* [[San Pedro cactus]]
Other plants:
* [[kratom]] – [[mitragynine]], [[mitraphylline]], [[7-hydroxymitragynine]], [[raubasine]] and [[corynantheidine]]
* [[ephedra]] – ephedrine
* [[damiana]]
* ''[[Calea zacatechichi]]''
* ''[[Silene capensis]]''
* [[valerian (herb)|valerian]] – [[valeriana|valerian]] (the chemical with the same name)
* various plants like [[chacruna]], [[jurema]], [[vilca]], and [[yopo]] – 5-MeO-DMT
* [[Morning glory]] and [[Hawaiian Baby Woodrose]] – [[lysergic acid amide]] (LSA, ergine)
* [[Ayahuasca]]
* ''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]'' ("Iboga") – [[ibogaine]]
* ''[[Areca catechu]]'' (see: [[betel]] and [[paan]]) – [[arecoline]]
* ''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]'' – [[rauwolscine]]
* yohimbe (''[[Pausinystalia yohimbe]]'') – [[yohimbine]], [[corynantheidine]]
* probably many others
Mushrooms:
* [[psilocybin mushrooms]] – [[psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]]
* various ''[[Amanita]]'' mushrooms – [[bufotenin]]
* ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' – [[ibotenic acid]] and [[muscimol]]
* [[Claviceps purpurea]] and other [[Clavicipitaceae]] – [[ergotamine]] (not psychoactive itself but used in synthesis of [[LSD]])
Psychoactive animals:
* [[psychoactive toads]] – [[bufotenin]], ''[[Bufo alvarius]]'' ([[Colorado River toad]] or Sonoran Desert toad) also contains 5-MeO-DMT
===Other psychoactives===
====Depressants====
[[Depressant]]s are psychoactive drugs that temporarily diminish the function or activity of a specific part of the body or mind. Examples of these kinds of effects may include anxiolysis, sedation, and hypotension. Due to their effects typically having a "down" quality to them, depressants are also occasionally referred to as "downers". Stimulants or "uppers", which increase mental and/or physical function, are in stark contrast to depressants and are considered to be their functional opposites. Depressants are widely used throughout the world as [[prescription medicine]]s and as [[prohibition (drugs)|illicit substances]]. When these are used, effects may include [[anxiolysis]], [[analgesia]], [[sedation]], [[somnolence]], cognitive/memory impairment, [[dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]], muscle relaxation, lowered [[blood pressure]]/[[heart rate]], [[respiratory depression]], [[anesthesia]], and [[anticonvulsant]] effects. Some are also capable of inducing feelings of [[euphoria]]. Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of [[GABA]] and/or [[opioid]] activity, and inhibition of [[adrenergic]], [[histamine]] and/or [[acetylcholine]] activity.
=====Antihistamines=====
[[Antihistamine]]s (or "histamine antagonists") inhibit the release or action of [[histamine]]. "Antihistamine" can be used to describe any histamine antagonist, but the term is usually reserved for the [[H1 antagonist|classical antihistamines]] that act upon the [[histamine H1 receptor|H<sub>1</sub> histamine receptor]]. Antihistamines are used as treatment for [[allergies]]. Allergies are caused by an excessive response of the body to [[allergens]], such as the [[pollen]] released by grasses and trees. An allergic reaction causes release of histamine by the body. Other uses of antihistamines are to help with normal symptoms of insect stings even if there is no allergic reaction. Their recreational appeal exists mainly due to their [[anticholinergic]] properties, that induce [[anxiolysis]] and, in some cases such as [[diphenhydramine]], [[chlorpheniramine]], and [[orphenadrine]], a characteristic euphoria at moderate doses.
Hallucinations and possibly delirium resembling the effects of [[Datura stramonium]] can result if the drug is taken in much higher than therapeutical dosages.
Antihistamines are widely available over the counter at drug stores (without a prescription), in the form of allergy medication and some [[cough medicine]]s. They are sometimes used in combination with other substances such as alcohol.
The most common unsupervised use of antihistamines in terms of volume and percentage of the total is perhaps in parallel to the medicinal use of some antihistamines to stretch out and intensify the effects of opioids and depressants. The most commonly used are [[hydroxyzine]], mainly to stretch out a supply of other drugs, as in medical use, and the above-mentioned ethanolamine and alkylamine-class first-generation antihistamines, which are - once again as in the 1950s - the subject of medical research into their anti-depressant properties.
For all of the above reasons, the use of medicinal scopolamine for recreational uses is also seen.
=====Analgesics=====
[[Analgesic]]s (also known as "painkillers") are used to relieve [[pain]] (achieve [[wikt:analgesia|analgesia]]). The word ''analgesic'' derives from Greek "αν-" (''an-'', "without") and "άλγος" (''álgos'', "pain"). Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the [[peripheral nervous system|peripheral]] and [[central nervous system|central]] nervous systems; they include [[paracetamol]] ([[para-acetylaminophenol]], also known in the US as [[acetaminophen]]), the [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) such as the [[salicylate]]s, and [[opioid]] drugs such as [[hydrocodone]], [[codeine]], [[heroin]] and [[oxycodone]]. Some further examples of the [[Brand|brand name]] [[prescription medication|prescription]] [[opiate]]s and [[opioid]] analgesics that may be used recreationally include Vicodin, Lortab, Norco (hydrocodone), Avinza, Kapanol (morphine), Opana, Paramorphan (oxymorphone), Dilaudid, Palladone (hydromorphone), and OxyContin (oxycodone), [[kratom]].
=====Tranquilizers=====
[[Tranquilizer]]s ([[gamma-Aminobutyric acid#GABAergic drugs|GABAergics]]):
* [[Barbiturate]]s
* [[Benzodiazepine]]s
* [[Nonbenzodiazepine]]s
* [[Ethanol]] (drinking alcohol; ethyl alcohol)
* Others
** [[carisoprodol]] (Soma)
** [[chloral hydrate]]
** [[diethyl ether]]
** [[ethchlorvynol]] (Placidyl; "jelly-bellies")
** [[gabapentin]] (Neurontin)
** [[gamma-butyrolactone]] (GBL, a prodrug to GHB)
** [[gamma-hydroxybutyrate]] (GHB; G; Xyrem; "Liquid Ecstasy", "Fantasy")
** [[glutethimide]] (Doriden)
** [[kava]] (from ''[[Piper methysticum]]''; contains [[kavalactone]]s)
** [[meprobamate]] (Miltown)
** [[methaqualone]] (Sopor, Mandrax; "Quaaludes")
** [[pregabalin]] (Lyrica)
** [[propofol]] (Diprivan)
** [[theanine]] (found in ''[[Camellia sinensis]]'', the [[tea]] plant)
** [[Valerian (herb)|valerian]] (from ''[[Valeriana officinalis]]'')
===Euphoriants===
{{see also|Euphoriant|Euphoria#Pharmacologically-induced}}
*'''Alcohol''': "Euphoria, the feeling of well-being, has been reported during the early (10–15 min) phase of alcohol consumption" (e.g., beer, wine or spirits)
*'''Passion Flower''' (''Passiflora incarnata'') is widely used as a sedative that has calming effects on the nervous system and acts as a sleep aid. One harmala alkaloid present in this herb in the form of harmine is thought to induce meditative and euphoric effects.
*'''Catnip ''' Catnip contains a sedative known as [[nepetalactone]] that activates opioid receptors. In cats it elicits sniffing, licking, chewing, head shaking, rolling, and rubbing which are indicators of pleasure. Catnip does not however, induce the same response in humans.
*'''Cannabis''' [[Tetrahydrocannabinol]], the main psychoactive ingredient in this plant can have sedative and euphoric properties.
*'''Stimulants''': "Psychomotor stimulants produce locomotor activity (the subject becomes hyperactive), euphoria, (often expressed by excessive talking and garrulous behaviour), and anorexia. The amphetamines are the best known drugs in this category..."
*'''MDMA''': The "euphoriant drugs such as MDMA (‘ecstasy’) and MDEA (‘eve’)" are popular amongst young adults.
*'''Opium''': This "drug derived from the unripe seed-pods of the opium poppy...produces drowsiness and euphoria and reduces pain. Morphine and codeine are opium derivatives."
====Hallucinogens====
[[Hallucinogen]]s can be divided into three broad categories: [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]]s, [[dissociative]]s, and [[deliriant]]s. They can cause subjective changes in [[perception]], [[thought]], [[emotion]] and [[consciousness]]. Unlike other psychoactive drugs such as [[stimulants]] and [[opioids]], hallucinogens do not merely amplify familiar states of mind but also induce experiences that differ from those of ordinary consciousness, often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as [[trance]], [[meditation]], conversion experiences, and [[dream]]s.
Psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants have a long worldwide history of use within medicinal and religious traditions. They are used in [[shamanic]] forms of ritual [[healing]] and [[divination]], in [[initiation rites]], and in the religious rituals of [[syncretistic]] movements such as [[União do Vegetal]], [[Santo Daime]], [[Temple of the True Inner Light]], and the [[Native American Church]]. When used in religious practice, psychedelic drugs, as well as other substances like [[tobacco]], are referred to as [[entheogens]].
Starting in the mid-20th century, psychedelic drugs have been the object of extensive attention in the Western world. They have been and are being explored as potential therapeutic agents in treating [[clinical depression|depression]], [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]], [[alcoholism]], and [[opioid addiction]]. Yet the most popular, and at the same time most stigmatized, use of psychedelics in Western culture has been associated with the search for direct [[religious experience]], enhanced [[creativity]], personal development, and "mind expansion". The use of psychedelic drugs was a major element of the 1960s [[counterculture]], where it became associated with various social movements and a general atmosphere of rebellion and strife between generations.
* [[Deliriant]]s
** [[atropine]] (alkaloid found in plants of the ''[[Solanaceae]]'' family, including [[Datura stramonium|datura]], deadly nightshade, [[Hyoscyamus niger|henbane]] and [[Mandrake (plant)|mandrake]])
** [[dimenhydrinate]] (Dramamine, an [[antihistamine]])
** [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl, Unisom, Nytol)
** [[hyoscyamine]] (alkaloid also found in the ''Solanaceae'')
** [[scopolamine]] (another ''Solanaceae'' alkaloid)
** [[myristicin]] (found in ''[[Myristica fragrans]]'' ("Nutmeg"))
** [[ibotenic acid]] (found in ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' ("Fly Agaric"); [[prodrug]] to muscimol)
** [[muscimol]] (also found in ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'', a [[gamma-Aminobutyric acid#GABAergic drugs|GABAergic]])
* [[Dissociative]]s
** [[dextromethorphan]] (DXM; Robitussin, Delsym, etc.; "Dex", "Robo", "Cough Syrup", "DXM")
*** ''"Triple C's, Coricidin, Skittles" refer to a potentially fatal formulation containing both dextromethorphan and [[chlorpheniramine]].''
** [[ketamine]] (K; Ketalar, Ketaset, Ketanest; "Ket", "Kit Kat", "Special-K", "Vitamin K", "Jet Fuel", "Horse Tranquilizer")
** [[methoxetamine]] (Mex, Mket, Mexi)
** [[phencyclidine]] (PCP; Sernyl; "Angel Dust", "Rocket Fuel", "Sherm", "Killer Weed", "Super Grass")
** nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O; "NOS", "Laughing Gas", "Whippets", "Balloons")
* [[Psychedelic drug|Psychedelic]]s
** [[Phenethylamine]]s
*** [[2C-B]] ("Nexus", "Venus", "Eros", "Bees")
*** [[2C-E]] ("Eternity", "Hummingbird")
*** [[2C-I]] ("Infinity")
*** [[2C-T-2]] ("Rosy")
*** [[2C-T-7]] ("Blue Mystic", "Lucky 7")
*** [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine|DOB]]
*** [[4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine|DOC]]
*** [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine|DOI]]
*** [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine|DOM]] ("Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace" ("STP"))
*** [[3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|MDMA]] ("Ecstasy", "E", "Molly", "Mandy", "MD", "Crystal Love")
*** [[mescaline]] (found in [[peyote]], [[Peruvian torch]] cactus and [[San Pedro cactus]])
** [[Tryptamine]]s (including [[ergoline]]s and [[lysergamide]]s)
*** [[5-MeO-DiPT]] ("Foxy", "Foxy Methoxy")
*** [[5-MeO-DMT]] (found in various plants like [[chacruna]], [[jurema]], [[vilca]], and [[yopo]])
*** [[alpha-methyltryptamine]] (αMT; Indopan; "Spirals")
*** [[bufotenin]] (secreted by ''[[Bufo alvarius]]'', also found in various ''[[Amanita]]'' mushrooms)
*** [[dimethyltryptamine]] (DMT; "Dimitri", "Disneyland", "Spice"; found in most plants and animals as it is a common metabolite )
*** [[lysergic acid amide]] (LSA; ergine; found in [[Morning glory|Morning Glory]] and [[Hawaiian baby woodrose|Hawaiian Baby Woodrose]] seeds)
*** [[lysergic acid diethylamide]] (LSD; L; Delysid; "Acid", "Lucy", "Sidney", "Blotters", "Sugar Cubes")
*** psilocin (found in psilocybin mushrooms;
*** psilocybin (also found in psilocybin mushrooms; prodrug to psilocin)
*** [[ibogaine]] (found in ''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]'' ("Iboga"))
* Atypicals
** [[salvinorin A]] (found in ''Salvia divinorum'', a ''trans''-neoclerodane [[diterpenoid]] ("Diviner's Sage", "Lady Salvia", "Salvinorin"))
====Stimulants====
[[Stimulant]]s, also known as "psychostimulants", induce [[euphoria]] with improvements in mental and physical function, such as enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion. Due to their effects typically having an "up" quality to them, stimulants are also occasionally referred to as "uppers". [[Depressant]]s or "downers", which decrease mental and/or physical function, are in stark contrast to stimulants and are considered to be their functional opposites.
Stimulants enhance the activity of the [[central nervous system|central]] and [[peripheral nervous system]]s. Common effects may include increased [[alertness]], [[awareness]], [[wakefulness]], [[endurance]], [[productivity]], and [[motivation]], [[arousal]], [[animal locomotion|locomotion]], [[heart rate]], and [[blood pressure]], and a diminished desire for [[food]] and [[sleep]].
Use of stimulants may cause the body to reduce significantly its production of natural body chemicals that fulfill similar functions. Until the body reestablishes its normal state, once the effect of the ingested stimulant has worn off the user may feel depressed, lethargic, confused, and miserable. This is referred to as a "crash", and may provoke reuse of the stimulant.
Examples include:
* [[Sympathomimetic]]s ([[catecholaminergic]]s) — e.g. amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, [[methylphenidate]], [[ephedrine]], [[pseudoephedrine]]
* [[Entactogen]]s ([[serotonergic]]s, primarily phenethylamines) — e.g. [[MDMA]]
* [[Eugeroics]], e.g. [[modafinil]]
* Others
** [[arecoline]] (found in ''[[Areca catechu]]'')
** [[caffeine]] (found in ''[[Coffea|Coffea spp.]]'')
** [[nicotine]] (found in ''[[Nicotiana|Nicotiana spp.]]'')
** [[rauwolscine]] (found in ''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]'')
** [[yohimbine]] (Procomil; a tryptamine alkaloid found in ''[[Pausinystalia yohimbe]]'')
===Inhalants===
[[Inhalants]] are [[gas]]es, [[aerosol]]s, or solvents that are breathed in and absorbed through the lungs. While some "inhalant" drugs are used for [[List of medical inhalants|medical purposes]], as in the case of nitrous oxide, a dental anesthetic, inhalants are used as [[recreational drug]]s for their intoxicating effect. Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled, including organic [[solvent]]s (found in cleaning products, fast-drying glues, and [[nail polish]] removers), fuels ([[gasoline]] (petrol) and [[kerosene]]), and propellant gases such as [[Freon]] and compressed [[hydrofluorocarbon]]s that are used in aerosol cans such as hairspray, whipped cream, and non-stick cooking spray. A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly, such as anesthetics (ether and nitrous oxide) and volatile anti-[[angina pectoris|angina]] drugs ([[poppers|alkyl nitrites]]).
The most serious inhalant abuse occurs among children and teens who "[...] live on the streets completely without family ties." Inhalant users inhale [[vapor]] or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from a solvent-soaked rag or an open container. The effects of inhalants range from an alcohol-like intoxication and intense euphoria to vivid [[hallucination]]s, depending on the substance and the dosage. Some inhalant users are injured due to the harmful effects of the solvents or gases, or due to other chemicals used in the products that they are inhaling. As with any recreational drug, users can be injured due to dangerous behavior while they are intoxicated, such as driving under the influence. Computer cleaning dusters are dangerous to inhale, because the gases expand and cool rapidly upon being sprayed. In some cases, users have died from [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] (lack of oxygen), pneumonia, cardiac failure or arrest, or aspiration of vomit.
Examples include:
* [[chloroform]]
* diethyl ether
* [[Lanza (drug)|lanza]]
* [[laughing gas]] ([[nitrous oxide]])
* [[Poppers]] ([[alkyl nitrite]]s)
* [[solvent]]s and [[propellant]]s (including [[propane]], [[butane]], [[freon]], [[gasoline]], [[kerosene]], [[toluene]]) and the [[fumes]] of [[glue]]s containing them
{{GFDL}}
''[[Skull with a Cigarette]]'' ([[1886]]) - [[Vincent van Gogh]] ]]
{{Template}}
==Types of drugs==
===Common drugs===
The drugs most popular for recreational use worldwide are:
* [[caffeine]] and [[theobromine]] (from [[coffee]], [[tea]], [[cocoa solids|cocoa]] and other plant sources) – legal in all parts of the world, but not consumed by members of some religions.
* [[cannabis]] (in the form of [[cannabis (drug)|herbal cannabis]] or [[hashish]]). Contains [[cannabinoid]]s, primarily THC – [[tetrahydrocannabinol]]. Illegal in most parts of the world.
* [[ethanol]] (ethyl [[alcohol]], commonly referred to as simply alcohol, produced through fermentation by yeast in [[alcoholic beverage]]s such as wine and beer) – legal but regulated in most parts of the world, and illegal in [[Islamic dietary laws#Alcohol|several Muslim countries]] such as Pakistan, Libya, Sudan, Iran and Saudi Arabia; not consumed by members of some religions. It acts as a GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor agonist. In chemistry, [[alcohol]] can refer to more than ethyl alcohol. [[Methanol]] (methyl alcohol, or wood alcohol) is poisonous.
* tobacco (contains [[nicotine]] and [[beta-carboline]] [[alkaloid]]s) – legal but regulated in most parts of the world and not consumed by members of some religions.
* [[opiates]] and [[opioids]] – in general legal by prescription only, for relief of pain. Opiates used for recreational purposes are [[morphine]] and [[codeine]]. Opioids include [[heroin]] (diacetylmorphine, not used in medicine in most countries), [[oxycodone]], [[hydromorphone]], [[hydrocodone]] (''[[Vicodin]]''), [[fentanyl]], [[pethidine]], [[tramadol]] and others. See also: [[naloxone]]/[[naltrexone]] (antidotes for opioids), [[opiate replacement therapy]], [[opium]], [[opium poppy|poppy]] and [[poppy tea]].
* [[cocaine]] – a [[sympathomimetic]] [[stimulant]] derived from the [[coca plant]] in South America. Use of the stimulating coca leaf (e.g. chewing it, often with [[slaked lime]] to increase [[bioavailability]]), but not cocaine, is legal in Bolivia. Cocaine is illegal in most parts of the world. It was formerly used in medicine and dentistry for local anesthesia. Derivatives such as [[lidocaine]] and [[novocaine]] are now used instead.
Other popular drugs are:
* [[amphetamine]] (''[[Adderall]]''), [[methamphetamine]] (''Desoxyn''), [[methylphenidate]] (''Ritalin'', ''Concerta'') – stimulants (sympathomimetic), all three are prescribed for [[ADHD]]
* [[modafinil]] and its active enantiomer, [[armodafinil]] – [[eugeroic]] stimulants, prescription drugs
* [[MDPV]] with effects similar to amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine and methylphenidate
* [[MDMA]] – a stimulant ([[entactogen]]) and a [[psychedelic]] ([[phenethylamine]]), in ecstasy pills (described below) or in crystal form; illegal virtually everywhere
* ecstasy (xtc, extasy) pills – often equated with [[MDMA]], although they may contain other stimulants and/or psychedelics, and sometimes also dangerous [[adulterants]] (see the section below with list of substances in ecstasy)
* [[LSD]] – a psychedelic [[tryptamine]], also [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]; [[2C (psychedelics)|2C family]], [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine|DOB]], [[4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine|DOC]], [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine|DOI]], [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine|DOM]] – psychedelic [[phenethylamines]]
* [[psilocybin mushrooms]] (containing [[psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]], tryptamines) and other [[psychoactive mushrooms]]
* [[tranquilizers]] ([[sedatives]], most of them are prescription drugs): [[barbiturates]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[nonbenzodiazepines]] and others (including [[gamma-hydroxybutyrate|GHB]], known for its use as a [[date-rape drug]], but also as a [[party drug]])
* [[kava]] – [[sedative]] plant
* following [[dissociatives]]: [[ketamine]], [[phencyclidine]] (PCP), [[nitrous oxide]] ([[laughing gas]]), [[alkyl nitrites]] ([[Poppers]]), [[diethyl ether]]
* [[khat]] containing [[cathine]] and [[cathinone]] ([[stimulants]])
* over-the-counter medications (in some countries they might be prescription drugs): [[dextromethorphan]] (DXM, [[dissociative]]), codeine ([[opiate]], often with [[paracetamol]] to discourage recreational use), some [[deliriants]] ([[benzydamine]], [[dimenhydrinate]] and [[diphenhydramine]]) and stimulants ([[ephedrine]] and [[pseudoephedrine]])
* recreational [[designer drugs]] (e.g. [[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]], [[mephedrone]]) and [[synthetic cannabis]]
* [[salvia divinorum]] containing Salvinorin A producing dissociative effects and hallucinations
* [[nutmeg]] containing [[myristicin]] – a [[deliriant]]
* widespread plants – for example those from ''[[Solanaceae]]'' [[family (biology)|family]] (e.g. [[datura]], [[Atropa belladonna|deadly nightshade]]) which contain following [[deliriants]]: [[atropine]], [[hyoscyamine]] and [[scopolamine]] ([[pilocarpine]] is antidote in overdoses)
* inhalants – solvents, propellants and fumes of glues containing these, but also nitrous oxide ([[laughing gas]]), [[Poppers]] (alkyl nitrites), diethyl ether and others (see also the section about them)
Legally available opioids are sometimes combined with other drugs such as [[NSAID]]s (e.g. [[ibuprofen]], [[aspirin]]), [[paracetamol]], [[antihistamine]], [[expectorant]], [[homatropine]]/[[atropine]]. The purpose of the non-controlled drugs in combination is often twofold: 1) To provide increased analgesia via drug synergy. 2) To limit the intake of opioid by causing unpleasant and often unsafe side effects at higher-than-prescribed doses. See also: [[Hydrocodone/paracetamol]] (''Vicodin'').
Inhaling nitrous oxide from tanks used in automotive systems is unsafe, because the toxic gas [[sulfur dioxide]] is mixed in around 100 ppm, specifically to discourage recreational use.
=== Routes of administration ===
Drugs most often associated with a particular [[route of administration]]:
* [[intravenous injection]] (see also the article [[Drug injection]]) – [[morphine]] and heroin, less commonly other opioids or stimulants like cocaine or amphetamine, but almost every substance (with some exceptions) can be injected
* [[smoking]] (see also the section below) – tobacco, cannabis, [[opium]], methamphetamine, [[crack cocaine]] and brown sugar heroin ([[chasing the dragon]])
* [[insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]] – [[snuff]] (a form of smokeless tobacco), amphetamine and cocaine
* [[inhalation]] – all inhalants (listed above), as the name suggests
* chewing, absorbing sublingually, placing under the lip, etc. – some forms of [[smokeless tobacco]] (e.g. [[dipping tobacco]], [[snus]]), [[LSD]] blotters, [[coca plant|coca]] leaves with [[slaked lime]], [[paan]] (see [[betel]]), some hallucinogens
* [[rectal (medicine)|intrarectal]] - administering into the rectum, most water soluble drugs can be used this way
* transdermal patches with prescription drugs – e.g. [[methylphenidate]] (''Daytrana'') and [[fentanyl]]
* oral intake – caffeine, ethanol, hash cakes (cannabis), nutmeg, datura, psilocybin mushrooms, [[coca tea]], [[poppy tea]], [[laudanum]], [[gamma-hydroxybutyrate|GHB]], ecstasy pills with MDMA and/or various other substances (mainly stimulants and psychedelics), prescription and over-the-counter drugs (ADHD and narcolepsy medications, sleeping pills, anxiolytics, sedatives, cough suppressants, benzydamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, morphine, codeine, opioids and others)
Many drugs are taken through various routes. Intravenous route is the most efficient, but also one of the most dangerous. Nasal, rectal, inhalation and smoking are safer. Oral route is one of the safest and most comfortable, but of little [[bioavailability]].
===List of substances in ecstasy pills===
A partial list of substances known to have been detected in ecstasy tablets includes:
* [[Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|MDMA]]
* [[Methylenedioxyamphetamine|MDA]], [[Methylenedioxyethylamphetamine|MDEA]], [[Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine|MBDB]], [[Methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine|MDOH]]
* [[methylone]], [[ethylone]], [[butylone]]
* [[amphetamine]], methamphetamine
* ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, [[phenylpropanolamine]]
* [[Paramethoxyamphetamine|PMA]], [[Paramethoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]], [[Paramethoxyethylamphetamine|PMEA]], [[4-Methylthioamphetamine|4-MTA]], [[mephedrone]], [[methedrine]]
* [[Benzylpiperazine|BZP]], [[Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine|TFMPP]], [[Dibenzylpiperazine|DBZP]], [[Methylbenzylpiperazine|MBZP]], [[meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine|mCPP]], [[Methylenedioxybenzylpiperazine|MDBZP]], [[para-Methoxyphenylpiperazine|meOPP]], [[para-Fluorophenylpiperazine|pFPP]]
* [[2C-B]], [[2C-E]], [[2C-I]], [[2C-T-2]], [[2C-T-7]], [[5-MeO-DiPT]], [[Alphamethyltryptamine|AMT]]
* [[dextromethorphan]], [[ketamine]]
* [[Acetaminophen|paracetamol]], [[ibuprofen]], caffeine
* various non-psychoactive (but possibly dangerous) [[adulterants]]
Certain other agents such as [[cocaine]] and heroin are rarely, if ever found in such tablets; it would not make economic sense for distributors to sell them as a relatively cheaper drug, ecstasy.
There have been a number of deaths attributed to [[para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]], a potent and highly neurotoxic hallucinogenic amphetamine, being sold as ecstasy. PMA is unique in its ability to quickly elevate body temperature and heart rate at relatively low doses, especially in comparison to MDMA. Hence, a user believing he is consuming two 120 mg pills of MDMA could actually be consuming a dose of PMA that is potentially lethal, depending on the purity of the pill. Not only does PMA cause the release of serotonin but it also acts as a [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor|monoamine oxidase inhibitor, MAOI]]. When combined with an MDMA or an MDMA-like substance, [[serotonin syndrome]] can result. Combining MAO inhibitors with certain legal prescription and over the counter medications can also lead to (potentially fatal) serotonin syndrome.
===Drugs which can be smoked===
Plants:
* [[tobacco]]
* cannabis
* [[salvia divinorum]]
* [[opium]]
* datura and other ''Solanaceae'' (formerly smoked to treat [[asthma]])
* possibly other plants (see the section below)
Substances (also not necessarily psychoactive plants soaked with them):
* [[methamphetamine]]
* [[crack cocaine]]
* brown sugar heroin
* phencyclidine (PCP)
* synthetic [[cannabinoids]] (see also: [[synthetic cannabis]])
* [[dimethyltryptamine]] (DMT)
* [[5-MeO-DMT]]
* many others, including some prescription drugs
===Psychoactive plants, mushrooms and animals===
{{see also|List of psychedelic plants}}
Minimally psychoactive plants which contain mainly caffeine and [[theobromine]]:
* [[coffee]]
* [[tea]] (caffeine in tea is sometimes called theine) – also contains [[theanine]]
* [[guarana]] (caffeine in guarana is sometimes called guaranine)
* [[yerba mate]] (caffeine in yerba mate is sometimes called mateine)
* [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]]
* [[Kola nut|kola]]
Most known psychoactive plants:
* [[cannabis]] – [[cannabinoids]]
* [[tobacco]] – [[nicotine]] and [[beta-carboline]] [[alkaloid]]s
* [[coca]] – cocaine
* [[opium poppy]] – [[morphine]], codeine and other [[opiates]]
* [[salvia divinorum]] – [[salvinorin A]]
* [[khat]] – [[cathine]] and [[cathinone]]
* [[kava]] – [[kavalactones]]
* [[nutmeg]] – [[myristicin]]
''Solanaceae'' plants – contain [[atropine]], [[hyoscyamine]] and scopolamine
* [[datura]]
* deadly nightshade [[atropa belladona]]
* [[Hyoscyamus niger|henbane]]
* [[Mandrake (plant)|mandrake]] (''Mandragora'')
* other ''Solanaceae''
[[Cactus]]es with [[mescaline]]:
* [[peyote]]
* [[Peruvian torch cactus]]
* [[San Pedro cactus]]
Other plants:
* [[kratom]] – [[mitragynine]], [[mitraphylline]], [[7-hydroxymitragynine]], [[raubasine]] and [[corynantheidine]]
* [[ephedra]] – ephedrine
* [[damiana]]
* ''[[Calea zacatechichi]]''
* ''[[Silene capensis]]''
* [[valerian (herb)|valerian]] – [[valeriana|valerian]] (the chemical with the same name)
* various plants like [[chacruna]], [[jurema]], [[vilca]], and [[yopo]] – 5-MeO-DMT
* [[Morning glory]] and [[Hawaiian Baby Woodrose]] – [[lysergic acid amide]] (LSA, ergine)
* [[Ayahuasca]]
* ''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]'' ("Iboga") – [[ibogaine]]
* ''[[Areca catechu]]'' (see: [[betel]] and [[paan]]) – [[arecoline]]
* ''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]'' – [[rauwolscine]]
* yohimbe (''[[Pausinystalia yohimbe]]'') – [[yohimbine]], [[corynantheidine]]
* probably many others
Mushrooms:
* [[psilocybin mushrooms]] – [[psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]]
* various ''[[Amanita]]'' mushrooms – [[bufotenin]]
* ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' – [[ibotenic acid]] and [[muscimol]]
* [[Claviceps purpurea]] and other [[Clavicipitaceae]] – [[ergotamine]] (not psychoactive itself but used in synthesis of [[LSD]])
Psychoactive animals:
* [[psychoactive toads]] – [[bufotenin]], ''[[Bufo alvarius]]'' ([[Colorado River toad]] or Sonoran Desert toad) also contains 5-MeO-DMT
===Other psychoactives===
====Depressants====
[[Depressant]]s are psychoactive drugs that temporarily diminish the function or activity of a specific part of the body or mind. Examples of these kinds of effects may include anxiolysis, sedation, and hypotension. Due to their effects typically having a "down" quality to them, depressants are also occasionally referred to as "downers". Stimulants or "uppers", which increase mental and/or physical function, are in stark contrast to depressants and are considered to be their functional opposites. Depressants are widely used throughout the world as [[prescription medicine]]s and as [[prohibition (drugs)|illicit substances]]. When these are used, effects may include [[anxiolysis]], [[analgesia]], [[sedation]], [[somnolence]], cognitive/memory impairment, [[dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]], muscle relaxation, lowered [[blood pressure]]/[[heart rate]], [[respiratory depression]], [[anesthesia]], and [[anticonvulsant]] effects. Some are also capable of inducing feelings of [[euphoria]]. Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of [[GABA]] and/or [[opioid]] activity, and inhibition of [[adrenergic]], [[histamine]] and/or [[acetylcholine]] activity.
=====Antihistamines=====
[[Antihistamine]]s (or "histamine antagonists") inhibit the release or action of [[histamine]]. "Antihistamine" can be used to describe any histamine antagonist, but the term is usually reserved for the [[H1 antagonist|classical antihistamines]] that act upon the [[histamine H1 receptor|H<sub>1</sub> histamine receptor]]. Antihistamines are used as treatment for [[allergies]]. Allergies are caused by an excessive response of the body to [[allergens]], such as the [[pollen]] released by grasses and trees. An allergic reaction causes release of histamine by the body. Other uses of antihistamines are to help with normal symptoms of insect stings even if there is no allergic reaction. Their recreational appeal exists mainly due to their [[anticholinergic]] properties, that induce [[anxiolysis]] and, in some cases such as [[diphenhydramine]], [[chlorpheniramine]], and [[orphenadrine]], a characteristic euphoria at moderate doses.
Hallucinations and possibly delirium resembling the effects of [[Datura stramonium]] can result if the drug is taken in much higher than therapeutical dosages.
Antihistamines are widely available over the counter at drug stores (without a prescription), in the form of allergy medication and some [[cough medicine]]s. They are sometimes used in combination with other substances such as alcohol.
The most common unsupervised use of antihistamines in terms of volume and percentage of the total is perhaps in parallel to the medicinal use of some antihistamines to stretch out and intensify the effects of opioids and depressants. The most commonly used are [[hydroxyzine]], mainly to stretch out a supply of other drugs, as in medical use, and the above-mentioned ethanolamine and alkylamine-class first-generation antihistamines, which are - once again as in the 1950s - the subject of medical research into their anti-depressant properties.
For all of the above reasons, the use of medicinal scopolamine for recreational uses is also seen.
=====Analgesics=====
[[Analgesic]]s (also known as "painkillers") are used to relieve [[pain]] (achieve [[wikt:analgesia|analgesia]]). The word ''analgesic'' derives from Greek "αν-" (''an-'', "without") and "άλγος" (''álgos'', "pain"). Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the [[peripheral nervous system|peripheral]] and [[central nervous system|central]] nervous systems; they include [[paracetamol]] ([[para-acetylaminophenol]], also known in the US as [[acetaminophen]]), the [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s (NSAIDs) such as the [[salicylate]]s, and [[opioid]] drugs such as [[hydrocodone]], [[codeine]], [[heroin]] and [[oxycodone]]. Some further examples of the [[Brand|brand name]] [[prescription medication|prescription]] [[opiate]]s and [[opioid]] analgesics that may be used recreationally include Vicodin, Lortab, Norco (hydrocodone), Avinza, Kapanol (morphine), Opana, Paramorphan (oxymorphone), Dilaudid, Palladone (hydromorphone), and OxyContin (oxycodone), [[kratom]].
=====Tranquilizers=====
[[Tranquilizer]]s ([[gamma-Aminobutyric acid#GABAergic drugs|GABAergics]]):
* [[Barbiturate]]s
* [[Benzodiazepine]]s
* [[Nonbenzodiazepine]]s
* [[Ethanol]] (drinking alcohol; ethyl alcohol)
* Others
** [[carisoprodol]] (Soma)
** [[chloral hydrate]]
** [[diethyl ether]]
** [[ethchlorvynol]] (Placidyl; "jelly-bellies")
** [[gabapentin]] (Neurontin)
** [[gamma-butyrolactone]] (GBL, a prodrug to GHB)
** [[gamma-hydroxybutyrate]] (GHB; G; Xyrem; "Liquid Ecstasy", "Fantasy")
** [[glutethimide]] (Doriden)
** [[kava]] (from ''[[Piper methysticum]]''; contains [[kavalactone]]s)
** [[meprobamate]] (Miltown)
** [[methaqualone]] (Sopor, Mandrax; "Quaaludes")
** [[pregabalin]] (Lyrica)
** [[propofol]] (Diprivan)
** [[theanine]] (found in ''[[Camellia sinensis]]'', the [[tea]] plant)
** [[Valerian (herb)|valerian]] (from ''[[Valeriana officinalis]]'')
===Euphoriants===
{{see also|Euphoriant|Euphoria#Pharmacologically-induced}}
*'''Alcohol''': "Euphoria, the feeling of well-being, has been reported during the early (10–15 min) phase of alcohol consumption" (e.g., beer, wine or spirits)
*'''Passion Flower''' (''Passiflora incarnata'') is widely used as a sedative that has calming effects on the nervous system and acts as a sleep aid. One harmala alkaloid present in this herb in the form of harmine is thought to induce meditative and euphoric effects.
*'''Catnip ''' Catnip contains a sedative known as [[nepetalactone]] that activates opioid receptors. In cats it elicits sniffing, licking, chewing, head shaking, rolling, and rubbing which are indicators of pleasure. Catnip does not however, induce the same response in humans.
*'''Cannabis''' [[Tetrahydrocannabinol]], the main psychoactive ingredient in this plant can have sedative and euphoric properties.
*'''Stimulants''': "Psychomotor stimulants produce locomotor activity (the subject becomes hyperactive), euphoria, (often expressed by excessive talking and garrulous behaviour), and anorexia. The amphetamines are the best known drugs in this category..."
*'''MDMA''': The "euphoriant drugs such as MDMA (‘ecstasy’) and MDEA (‘eve’)" are popular amongst young adults.
*'''Opium''': This "drug derived from the unripe seed-pods of the opium poppy...produces drowsiness and euphoria and reduces pain. Morphine and codeine are opium derivatives."
====Hallucinogens====
[[Hallucinogen]]s can be divided into three broad categories: [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]]s, [[dissociative]]s, and [[deliriant]]s. They can cause subjective changes in [[perception]], [[thought]], [[emotion]] and [[consciousness]]. Unlike other psychoactive drugs such as [[stimulants]] and [[opioids]], hallucinogens do not merely amplify familiar states of mind but also induce experiences that differ from those of ordinary consciousness, often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as [[trance]], [[meditation]], conversion experiences, and [[dream]]s.
Psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants have a long worldwide history of use within medicinal and religious traditions. They are used in [[shamanic]] forms of ritual [[healing]] and [[divination]], in [[initiation rites]], and in the religious rituals of [[syncretistic]] movements such as [[União do Vegetal]], [[Santo Daime]], [[Temple of the True Inner Light]], and the [[Native American Church]]. When used in religious practice, psychedelic drugs, as well as other substances like [[tobacco]], are referred to as [[entheogens]].
Starting in the mid-20th century, psychedelic drugs have been the object of extensive attention in the Western world. They have been and are being explored as potential therapeutic agents in treating [[clinical depression|depression]], [[post-traumatic stress disorder]], [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]], [[alcoholism]], and [[opioid addiction]]. Yet the most popular, and at the same time most stigmatized, use of psychedelics in Western culture has been associated with the search for direct [[religious experience]], enhanced [[creativity]], personal development, and "mind expansion". The use of psychedelic drugs was a major element of the 1960s [[counterculture]], where it became associated with various social movements and a general atmosphere of rebellion and strife between generations.
* [[Deliriant]]s
** [[atropine]] (alkaloid found in plants of the ''[[Solanaceae]]'' family, including [[Datura stramonium|datura]], deadly nightshade, [[Hyoscyamus niger|henbane]] and [[Mandrake (plant)|mandrake]])
** [[dimenhydrinate]] (Dramamine, an [[antihistamine]])
** [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl, Unisom, Nytol)
** [[hyoscyamine]] (alkaloid also found in the ''Solanaceae'')
** [[scopolamine]] (another ''Solanaceae'' alkaloid)
** [[myristicin]] (found in ''[[Myristica fragrans]]'' ("Nutmeg"))
** [[ibotenic acid]] (found in ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' ("Fly Agaric"); [[prodrug]] to muscimol)
** [[muscimol]] (also found in ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'', a [[gamma-Aminobutyric acid#GABAergic drugs|GABAergic]])
* [[Dissociative]]s
** [[dextromethorphan]] (DXM; Robitussin, Delsym, etc.; "Dex", "Robo", "Cough Syrup", "DXM")
*** ''"Triple C's, Coricidin, Skittles" refer to a potentially fatal formulation containing both dextromethorphan and [[chlorpheniramine]].''
** [[ketamine]] (K; Ketalar, Ketaset, Ketanest; "Ket", "Kit Kat", "Special-K", "Vitamin K", "Jet Fuel", "Horse Tranquilizer")
** [[methoxetamine]] (Mex, Mket, Mexi)
** [[phencyclidine]] (PCP; Sernyl; "Angel Dust", "Rocket Fuel", "Sherm", "Killer Weed", "Super Grass")
** nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O; "NOS", "Laughing Gas", "Whippets", "Balloons")
* [[Psychedelic drug|Psychedelic]]s
** [[Phenethylamine]]s
*** [[2C-B]] ("Nexus", "Venus", "Eros", "Bees")
*** [[2C-E]] ("Eternity", "Hummingbird")
*** [[2C-I]] ("Infinity")
*** [[2C-T-2]] ("Rosy")
*** [[2C-T-7]] ("Blue Mystic", "Lucky 7")
*** [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine|DOB]]
*** [[4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine|DOC]]
*** [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine|DOI]]
*** [[2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine|DOM]] ("Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace" ("STP"))
*** [[3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine|MDMA]] ("Ecstasy", "E", "Molly", "Mandy", "MD", "Crystal Love")
*** [[mescaline]] (found in [[peyote]], [[Peruvian torch]] cactus and [[San Pedro cactus]])
** [[Tryptamine]]s (including [[ergoline]]s and [[lysergamide]]s)
*** [[5-MeO-DiPT]] ("Foxy", "Foxy Methoxy")
*** [[5-MeO-DMT]] (found in various plants like [[chacruna]], [[jurema]], [[vilca]], and [[yopo]])
*** [[alpha-methyltryptamine]] (αMT; Indopan; "Spirals")
*** [[bufotenin]] (secreted by ''[[Bufo alvarius]]'', also found in various ''[[Amanita]]'' mushrooms)
*** [[dimethyltryptamine]] (DMT; "Dimitri", "Disneyland", "Spice"; found in most plants and animals as it is a common metabolite )
*** [[lysergic acid amide]] (LSA; ergine; found in [[Morning glory|Morning Glory]] and [[Hawaiian baby woodrose|Hawaiian Baby Woodrose]] seeds)
*** [[lysergic acid diethylamide]] (LSD; L; Delysid; "Acid", "Lucy", "Sidney", "Blotters", "Sugar Cubes")
*** psilocin (found in psilocybin mushrooms;
*** psilocybin (also found in psilocybin mushrooms; prodrug to psilocin)
*** [[ibogaine]] (found in ''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]'' ("Iboga"))
* Atypicals
** [[salvinorin A]] (found in ''Salvia divinorum'', a ''trans''-neoclerodane [[diterpenoid]] ("Diviner's Sage", "Lady Salvia", "Salvinorin"))
====Stimulants====
[[Stimulant]]s, also known as "psychostimulants", induce [[euphoria]] with improvements in mental and physical function, such as enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion. Due to their effects typically having an "up" quality to them, stimulants are also occasionally referred to as "uppers". [[Depressant]]s or "downers", which decrease mental and/or physical function, are in stark contrast to stimulants and are considered to be their functional opposites.
Stimulants enhance the activity of the [[central nervous system|central]] and [[peripheral nervous system]]s. Common effects may include increased [[alertness]], [[awareness]], [[wakefulness]], [[endurance]], [[productivity]], and [[motivation]], [[arousal]], [[animal locomotion|locomotion]], [[heart rate]], and [[blood pressure]], and a diminished desire for [[food]] and [[sleep]].
Use of stimulants may cause the body to reduce significantly its production of natural body chemicals that fulfill similar functions. Until the body reestablishes its normal state, once the effect of the ingested stimulant has worn off the user may feel depressed, lethargic, confused, and miserable. This is referred to as a "crash", and may provoke reuse of the stimulant.
Examples include:
* [[Sympathomimetic]]s ([[catecholaminergic]]s) — e.g. amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, [[methylphenidate]], [[ephedrine]], [[pseudoephedrine]]
* [[Entactogen]]s ([[serotonergic]]s, primarily phenethylamines) — e.g. [[MDMA]]
* [[Eugeroics]], e.g. [[modafinil]]
* Others
** [[arecoline]] (found in ''[[Areca catechu]]'')
** [[caffeine]] (found in ''[[Coffea|Coffea spp.]]'')
** [[nicotine]] (found in ''[[Nicotiana|Nicotiana spp.]]'')
** [[rauwolscine]] (found in ''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]'')
** [[yohimbine]] (Procomil; a tryptamine alkaloid found in ''[[Pausinystalia yohimbe]]'')
===Inhalants===
[[Inhalants]] are [[gas]]es, [[aerosol]]s, or solvents that are breathed in and absorbed through the lungs. While some "inhalant" drugs are used for [[List of medical inhalants|medical purposes]], as in the case of nitrous oxide, a dental anesthetic, inhalants are used as [[recreational drug]]s for their intoxicating effect. Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled, including organic [[solvent]]s (found in cleaning products, fast-drying glues, and [[nail polish]] removers), fuels ([[gasoline]] (petrol) and [[kerosene]]), and propellant gases such as [[Freon]] and compressed [[hydrofluorocarbon]]s that are used in aerosol cans such as hairspray, whipped cream, and non-stick cooking spray. A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly, such as anesthetics (ether and nitrous oxide) and volatile anti-[[angina pectoris|angina]] drugs ([[poppers|alkyl nitrites]]).
The most serious inhalant abuse occurs among children and teens who "[...] live on the streets completely without family ties." Inhalant users inhale [[vapor]] or aerosol propellant gases using plastic bags held over the mouth or by breathing from a solvent-soaked rag or an open container. The effects of inhalants range from an alcohol-like intoxication and intense euphoria to vivid [[hallucination]]s, depending on the substance and the dosage. Some inhalant users are injured due to the harmful effects of the solvents or gases, or due to other chemicals used in the products that they are inhaling. As with any recreational drug, users can be injured due to dangerous behavior while they are intoxicated, such as driving under the influence. Computer cleaning dusters are dangerous to inhale, because the gases expand and cool rapidly upon being sprayed. In some cases, users have died from [[hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] (lack of oxygen), pneumonia, cardiac failure or arrest, or aspiration of vomit.
Examples include:
* [[chloroform]]
* diethyl ether
* [[Lanza (drug)|lanza]]
* [[laughing gas]] ([[nitrous oxide]])
* [[Poppers]] ([[alkyl nitrite]]s)
* [[solvent]]s and [[propellant]]s (including [[propane]], [[butane]], [[freon]], [[gasoline]], [[kerosene]], [[toluene]]) and the [[fumes]] of [[glue]]s containing them
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